Silva ME, Dietrich CP (1974) Isolation and partial characterization of three induced enzymes from Flavobacterium heparinum involved in the degradation of heparin and heparitin sulfates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 56: 965–972. pmid:4826471 Group A Streptococci (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) are Gram-positive bacteria that represent another mechanism by which pathogens use GAGs to promote virulence. GAS utilizes a capsule composed of HA GAGs to evade host immune defenses by molecular mimicry. Due to the abundance of HA already present in the dermis and epidermis, the HA capsule of GAS prevents recognition and subsequent phagocytosis by host leukocytes. [7] Examples of other pathogens that use GAGs to promote dermal infection include Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Candida, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Leishmania. [6] Martins JR, Passerotti CC, Maciel RM, Sampaio LO, Dietrich CP, et al. (2003) Practical determination of hyaluronan by a new noncompetitive fluorescence-based assay on serum of normal and cirrhotic patients. Anal Biochem 319: 65–72. pmid:12842108 Given the vital role SLRPs and GAGs play in bone morphogenesis and homeostasis, alterations in their expression profile or their loss due to unregulated proteolysis leads to a plethora of diseases. The expression of PGs and GAGs is altered in various bone related diseases, including osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint [ 31], osteochondromas and peripheral chondrosarcomas [ 32], and due to this, these molecules can be used as biological markers. Dietrich CP, Dietrich SM (1976) Electrophoretic behaviour of acidic mucopolysaccharides in diamine buffers. Anal Biochem 70: 645–647. pmid:131498

Kolacna L, Bakesova J, Varga F, Kostakova E, Planka L, et al. (2007) Biochemical and biophysical aspects of collagen nanostructure in the extracellular matrix. Physiol Res 56 Suppl 1: S51–60. pmid:17552894 Silva M, Dietrich CP, Nader HB (1976) On the structure of heparitin sulfates. Analyses of the products formed from heparitin sulfates by two heparitinases and a heparinase from Flavobacterium heparinum. Biochim Biophys Acta 437: 129–141. pmid:132967 Townley RA, Bulow HE (2011) Genetic analysis of the heparan modification network in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 286: 16824–16831. pmid:21454666 Jones IL, Leaver AG (1974) Studies on the minor components of the organic matrix of human dentine. Arch Oral Biol 19: 371–380. pmid:4369238Mucopolysaccharidoses comprise a group of rare genetic diseases characterized by a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes required for the metabolism of GAGs. [8] This deficit results in lysosomal accumulation of GAG intermediates that eventually leads to cellular dysfunction and death. Mucopolysaccharidoses manifest with variable symptoms depending on the dysfunctional enzyme and associated expression of affected GAG metabolism in organ systems. Hameetman L, David G, Yavas A, White SJ, Taminiau AH, et al. (2007) Decreased EXT expression and intracellular accumulation of heparan sulphate proteoglycan in osteochondromas and peripheral chondrosarcomas. J Pathol 211: 399–409. pmid:17226760 Kjellen L, Lindahl U (1991) Proteoglycans: structures and interactions. Annu Rev Biochem 60: 443–475. pmid:1883201

Jewelry and hair – piercings can make all the difference in what sort of gags and straps you want to put on yourself or your partner. Keep that in mind when buying stuff. Also, longer hair can lead to pulling and pain, so be sure to tie it up and adjust your accessories accordingly. Wang X, Ford BC, Praul CA, Leach RM Jr. (2005) Characterization of the non-collagenous proteins in avian cortical and medullary bone. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 140: 665–672. pmid:15763522 Kitamikado M, Lee YZ (1975) Chondroitinase-producing bacteria in natural habitats. Appl Microbiol 29: 414–421. pmid:803822Pathophysiological processes related to GAGs are very broad in range due to the ubiquitous nature of GAGs in the body. This section will describe how GAGs are involved in the pathophysiology of various infectious processes as well as a group of rare genetic diseases known as Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) related to the metabolism of GAGs. Heparan sulfate also plays a key role in cellular growth factor signaling. One example of this role involves the interaction of heparan sulfate with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). Heparan sulfate facilitates the formation of FGF-FGFR complexes, resulting in a signaling cascade that leads to cellular proliferation. The degree of sulfation of heparan sulfate influences the formation of these complexes. For example, the proliferation of melanoma cells gets stimulated by the action of highly sulfated heparan sulfate on FGF. [1] Korn ED, Payza AN (1956) The degradation of heparin by bacterial enzymes. II. Acetone powder extracts. J Biol Chem 223: 859–864. pmid:13385233 The GAGs could be identified by electrophoretic mobility in 1,3-diaminopropane with the use of buffers at different pHs and by digestion with specific enzymes. The GAGs observed for all bone and tooth samples were CS and HA. In addition, an unidentified electrophoretic band was also observed for two archaeological human bone samples. Our results are similar to those of a study of GAGs from human femoral compact bone in autopsy cases and of a study of GAGs from human dentine and cementum of adult patients, which describe CS and HA; CS as the predominant GAG and HA as a minor proportion of the GAGs [ 51, 52]. Previous research of human alveolar bone samples obtained from oral surgical procedures has identified CS, DS, HS and HA in non-demineralized extracts and only CS in demineralized samples [ 53]. DS and HS were not detected in the present study, even though the samples had not been demineralized, but alveolar bone was not amongst the types of bone analyzed, which included femur, humerus, tibia, radius and ulna. This time was no different. We started with our usual foreplay involving ropes and bondage and I started getting pretty horny. That went on for some time until he stopped and asked me if I was his little cumslut and I screamed “YES”!

Wendel M, Sommarin Y, Heinegard D (1998) Bone matrix proteins: isolation and characterization of a novel cell-binding keratan sulfate proteoglycan (osteoadherin) from bovine bone. J Cell Biol 141: 839–847. pmid:9566981 PGs are macromolecules comprised of one or more GAG chains covalently bound to a protein core [ 11]. GAGs are linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units which consist of a hexosamine and either hexuronic acid or galactose units, and may be sulfated in various positions. The strategic variability in sulfate substitution results in considerable sequence heterogeneity which conveys the plethora of biological roles GAGs play in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. GAGs are classified into six groups: chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate (C4S, C6S), keratan sulfate (KS), hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparin and heparan sulfate (HS).Schultz M, Parzinger H, Posdnjakov DV, Chikisheva TA, Schmidt-Schultz TH (2007) Oldest known case of metastasizing prostate carcinoma diagnosed in the skeleton of a 2,700-year-old Scythian king from Arzhan (Siberia, Russia). Int J Cancer 121: 2591–2595. pmid:17918181 Cheng H, Caterson B, Neame PJ, Lester GE, Yamauchi M (1996) Differential distribution of lumican and fibromodulin in tooth cementum. Connect Tissue Res 34: 87–96. pmid:8909873 Keene DR, San Antonio JD, Mayne R, McQuillan DJ, Sarris G, et al. (2000) Decorin binds near the C terminus of type I collagen. J Biol Chem 275: 21801–21804. pmid:10823816